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Historical benchmark in the
discovery of kristiansenite.
2022:
Establishment of the kristiansenite group. The proposal to
establish the kristiansenite group is accepted. The group includes three
mineral species: kristiansenite,
with formula Ca4Sc2Sn2(Si2O7)2(Si2O6OH)2,
silesiaite, with formula Ca4
Fe3+
Sn2
(Si2 O7
)2 (Si2
O6 OH)2
, and kozłowskiite, with formula Ca4
Fe2+
Sn3
(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH)2
CNMNC Newsletter no.70,
Eur.
J. Mineral., 34, 591–601, 2022
6. mai 1998:
My first trip to Heftetjern.
The first specimen found (H06/98), as yellowish grey prismatic crystals in vugs together with cerian epidote
and calcian
hingganite-(Y).
June 1998:
An x-ray diffractometer pattern gave an unknown species, - not identical to any known mineral or synthetic compound.
18. August 1998:
The first EDS-SEM analysis done in USA showed
a Calcium-tin-scandium-tantalat, but it was unfortunately a wrong
interpretation, which created some confusion and extra work.
12. Januar 1999:
Another analysis proved that the actual composition was a
Calcium-tin-scandium-silicate.
19.Februar 1999:
Franz Bernhard at the University of Graz in Austria analysed
greyish inclusions in cassiterite, which were identical to the
Calcium-tin-scandium-silicate above with minor iron og aluminum .
Spring 1999: Curator Gunnar Raade asked me if
I wanted him to describe the mineral because the mineral turned out to
be new to science, and naturally I felt honoured and proud ! So he
organized an co-operation with
Prof.Giovanni
Ferraris,
at the University of
Torino , in Italy, in order to solve the structure , and Dr.Franz
Bernhard , Graz to do the chemistry.
So, by the middle of the year the work
on the new mineral had started !
December 1999
The new mineral is mentioned officially for the first time in (but
without a name):
Raade, G. & Erambert, M.1999. An intergrowth of scandiobabingtonite
and cascandite from the Heftetjern granite pegmatite, Norway.N.Jb.Miner.Mh.1999
(12): 545-550.
2000 :
During the first stage of the crystal structure determination it was
verified that the mineral possessed a complex twinning , already
postulated (theoretically) to occur in nature, consult Nespolo &
Ferraris 2000. Then the very first presentation of
kristiansenite came , but without a name !, and introduced by:
Ferraris, G. et
al.2000. Solving the structure of a new Ca-Sc-Sn disilicate twinnned
by metric merohedry. International Crystallographical Congress,
Nancy , August 2000.
The next step was a
preliminary presentation of the mineralogy of the Heftetjern pegmatite
in Tørdal, Telemark county
during the annual Kongsberg Mineral symposium 2000:
Raade, G. & Kristiansen, R. (2000a):
Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Heftetjern granite pegmatite, Tørdal:
a progress report. Norsk Bergverksmuseum Skrifter. 17, 19-25.
 October-November 2000: All necesssary data is now ready to be
submitted to the Commission for New Minerals and Mineral names/ IMA,
and the proposed name is kristiansenite .
 A pdf- copy
of an e-mail from Giovanni Ferraris of 22.11.2000 can be read
here.
December 2000: G. Raade travels to Australia to attend the Mineralogy & Museums 4th/IMA
, where he had a speech on the Sc-minerals at Heftetjern, and also
invited people to a possible Sc-symposium in Oslo 2003:
Raade, G. & Kristiansen, R. (2000b): Scandium
enrichment in the Heftetjern granite pegmatite, Telemark, Norway. 4th
International Mineralogy in Museums Conference, Melbourne, Australia, p.
83.
2001:
Result of the vote by the Commission members received February 2001.
Voting results : 22- 0 – 0 for kristiansenite.
Spring 2001: comes the official list of approved new minerals 2000, but
without names.
IMA No.
2000-051 (Kristiansenite)
Ca2ScSn(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH)
(Unique structure)
Triclinic: C1
a 10.028, b
8.408, c 13.339 Å, a
90.01, b
109.10, g
90.00°
Colourless to white; vitreous; transparent to translucent
h 1.74
5.18(53), 3.146(100), 3.089(63), 2.901(19), 2.595(34), 2.142(17)
This was the available data before the description
7.April 2001 PROPOSAL
TO ARRANGE:
An international symposium on the mineralogy and geochemistry of
scandium
http://www.nhm.uio.no/geomus/scsymp/
The
description of another new scandium mineral, kristiansenite
[Ca2ScSn(Si2O7)(Si2O6OH)]
is now in print (2001). It was found in a granite pegmatite at
Heftetjern, Tørdal, Telemark, Norway, and is named for Roy Kristiansen
who first observed the new mineral.
Mr. Kristiansen has
suggested that it would be fitting to arrange an international symposium
in Norway in 2003 on the mineralogy and geochemistry of scandium. There
are several good reasons for this topic, place and date.
Medio august 2001 the crystal structure of kristiansenite appeared in
a very advanced paper :
Ferraris, G.,
Gula, A., Ivaldi, G., Nespolo, M. & Raade, G. (2001): Crystal structure
of kristiansenite: a case of class IIB twinning by metric merohedry.
Zeitschrift für Kristallographie. 216, 442-448.
November 2001 another abstract on the twinning appear in:
Nespolo, M., Ferraris, G., Gula, A., Ivaldi, G. & Raade, G.
(2001): Unusual merohedrictwinning in kristiansenite. Progr. and Abstr.,
Ann. meeting, Miner. Soc. Japan, Akita, p. 154 (in Japanese with English
abstr.).
2002
Ellingsen, H.V. & Haugen, A. (2002): Kristiansenitt – et nytt mineral
fra Tørdal. STEIN, 29 (1), 32-34
(in Norw.)
Olsen, B.2002. Han
finner fjell. De små tingenes herre
(”Master of the
small objects”) Fredrikstad Blad 8.September 2002
[Interview about kristiansenite, fungi and the visit of the philosopher Arne Næss}.
Final
publication:
Raade, G., Ferraris, G., Gula, A.,
Ivaldi, G. & Bernhard, F. (2002): Kristiansenite, a new
calcium-scandium-tin sorosilicate from granite pegmatite in Tørdal,
Telemark, Norway. Mineralogy and Petrology, 75, 89-99
PDF
2003
 Ferraris,
G., Raade, G., Gula, A. & Ivaldi, G. (2003): Incorporation of scandium
and other structural aspects in kristiansenite. International
symposium on the mineralogy and geochemistry of Scandium, University
of Oslo, Abstracts and Proceedings no. 2, 16-17.
2004
Additional publications:
-
Nespolo, M. 2004.Twin point groups and the polychromatic symmetry of
twins. Z. Kristallogr.,
219:57-71 (kristiansenite).
-
-
Nespolo,M.& Ferraris,G. 2004.Applied geminography-symmetry analysis
of twinned crystals and definition of twinning by reticular
polyholohedry. Acta Cryst., A60: 89-95 (kristiansenite)
-
-
Raade,G., Bernhard,F. & Ottolini,L. 2004. Replacement textures
involving four scandium silicate minerals in the Heftetjern granitic
pegmatite, Norway. Eur.J-Miner., 16 , 945-950
-
-
Guastoni,A., & Pezzotta, F. 2004.Kristiansenite a Baveno, secondo
ritrovamento mondiale della specie. Riv.Miner.Ital, 28
(4) : 247-251
-
-
Ferraris, G., Makovickyy, E. & Merlino, S. 2004. Crystallography of
Modular materials. Oxford Univ. Press, 370 pp. (kristiansenite)
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